Everything about Haplogroup U Mtdna totally explained
In
human genetics,
Haplogroup U is a
human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup, a group of people who descend from a woman in the
Haplogroup R (mtDNA) branch of the Genographic tree, who lived around 50,000 years ago. Her descendants gave birth to several different subgroups, some of which exhibit specific geographic homelands. The old age has led to a wide distribution of the descendant subgroups that harbor specific European, northern African, Indian, Arab, northern Caucasus Mountains and the Near East clades.
Subdivisions
Subdivisions
Haplogroup U is subdivided into Haplogroups U1-U8.
Haplogroup K is a subclade of U8.
Haplogroup U1
Haplogroup U2
Haplogroup U3
Haplogroup U3 is defined by the
HVR1 transition A16343G. It is found at low levels throughout
Europe (about 1% of the population), the
Near East (about 2.5% of the population), and
Central Asia (1%). U3 is present at higher levels among populations in the
Caucasus (about 6%) and among Lithuanian, Polish, and Spanish
Romani populations (36-56%).
Haplogroup U4
Haplogroup U4 has its origin in the Upper Palaeolithic, dating to approximately 25,000 years ago. It is widely distributed in Europe, and has been implicated in the expansion of modern humans into Europe occurring before the Last Glacial Maximum.
Haplogroup U5
The oldest mtDNA in Europe which is human (for example
Homo Sapiens and not
Neanderthal or other archaic individual) is U5 and U8a (see below). The age of U5 is estimated at 50,000 but could be as old as 60,500 years.
The presence of haplogroup U5 in Europe pre-dates the expansion of agriculture in Europe.
Bryan Sykes' popular book
The Seven Daughters of Eve says it shows up 45,000-50,000 years ago in
Delphi,
Greece and named the originator of haplogroup U5
Ursula. It shows that U5 is the first out of Africa into Europe, and that it shows up as the first Europeans in two places, Delphi and Spain around 50,000 years ago.
By another source haplogroup U5, age is estimated at about 52,000 kya, being the oldest subclade of haplogroup U. Haplogroup U5 and its subclades are most common in
Sami,
Finns, and
Estonians, but it's spread widely at lower levels throughout Europe. U5 is found also in small frequencies and at much lower diversity in the Near East and parts of Africa, suggesting back-migration of people from northern Europe to the south.
Haplogroup U5a1a lineage within haplogroup U5 arose in Europe approximately 30,000 years ago, and is mainly found in northwest and north-central Europe (Scandinavia). In the context of its rather ancient origin, the modern distribution of haplogroup U5a1 suggests that individuals bearing this haplogroup were part the initial expansion tracking the retreat of ice sheets from Europe. Bryan Sykes in his Seven Daughters of Eve book named this mtDNA haplogroup Ursula.
U5 had a common ancestor with its sister group, U6. What's interesting is that U5 and U6 are "sister mtDNA groups" with a common ancestor (probably in West Asia). Each mtDNA group has a sister group. A large proportion of Canary Islander are U6. The medieval
Guanches of the
Canary Islands also had U6. There was a lot of interbreeding in
paleolithic times between U5 and U6. The
Berbers are high in U6 mtDNA today.
U5 is the most ancient mtDNA in Europe (50,000 years to 60,500).
National Geographic's Genographic project
The Real Eve: Modern Man's Journey Out of Africa, Stephen Oppenheimer, Carroll & Graf, New York, 2003.
Brian Hamman's Clan Ursula (U5 sub-group) Website
MtDNA Haplogroup U5 Webpage at WorldFamilies.net
Haplogroup U6
Haplogroup U6 is a group of people who descend from a woman in the Haplogroup R (mtDNA) branch of the Genographic tree. It is common (around 10% of the people) Haplogroup U7
Many European populations lack Haplogroup U7, but its frequency climbs over 4% in the Near East and up to 5% in Pakistan, reaching nearly 10% level in Iranians. In India, haplogroup U7 frequency peaks at over 12% in Gujarat, the westernmost state of India, while for the whole of India its frequency stays around 2%. Expansion times and haplotype diversities for the Indian and Near and Middle Eastern U7 mtDNAs are strikingly similar. The possible homeland of this haplogroup spans Indian Gujarat and Iran because from there its frequency declines steeply both to the east and to the west. If the origin were in Iran rather than in India, then its equally high frequency as well as diversity in Gujarat favors a scenario whereby U7 has been introduced to the coastal western India either very early, or by multiple founders. (External Link).
Haplogroup U8
Haplogroup U8a
The Basques have the most ancestral phylogeny in Europe for the mitochondrial haplogroup U8a, a rare subgroup of U8, placing the Basque origin of this lineage in the Upper Palaeolithic. The lack of U8a lineages in Africa suggests that their ancestors may have originated from West Asia[.
]Haplogroup U8b
This clade has been found in Italy and Jordan[.
]Haplogroup K
Haplogroup K makes up a sizeable fraction of European and West Asian mtDNA lineages. It is now known it's actually a subclade of haplogroup U8[.]
Further Information
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